War, memory and contemporary politics: the relations between the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the United States of America in the 21st Century

Abstract

This study explores the normalization and development of U.S.–Vietnam relations from the late 20th century to the present. After the end of the Vietnam War, diplomatic ties were severed for nearly 15 years, primarily due to Vietnam’s military interventions and unresolved war-related issues. The economic reforms of doi moi in 1986 and Vietnam’s gradual withdrawal from Cambodia initiated a shift towards normalization, leading to the lifting of the U.S. trade embargo in 1994 and the signing of a Bilateral Trade Agreement in 2000. The United States’ strategic goals include expanding trade, promoting human rights, and balancing China's regional influence. Conversely, Vietnam aims to ensure economic growth, regional stability, and a pragmatic balance between major powers. Despite economic liberalization and improved personal freedoms, the Vietnamese government continues to restrict political dissent and press freedom. The legacy of Agent Orange remains a sensitive issue. Although the U.S. has provided technical and financial assistance for environmental remediation, it has avoided legal acknowledgment of responsibility. Bilateral cooperation in this area, particularly the cleanup projects in Da Nang and Bien Hoa, has strengthened ties. In recent years, relations have deepened substantially, culminating in the elevation of ties to a “comprehensive strategic partnership” in 2023. Nevertheless, concerns over human rights and Vietnam’s cautious foreign policy towards China continue to pose challenges. The evolving partnership reflects both countries' broader economic and strategic interests in an increasingly complex regional environment.